现代法治中的程序公正与实体公正

公正，兼顾实体公正和程序公正，是司法永恒的主题。其具体内容如下：

1.程序公正 procedural justice

程序正义（也称程序公正）是指裁判过程（相对于裁判结果而言）的公平和法律程序（相对于实体结论而言）的正义。即“看得见的正义”，是英美法系国家的一种法律文化传统和观念。这源于一句人所共知的法律格言“正义不仅应得到实现，而且要以人们看得见的方式加以实现”（Justice must not only be done, but must be seen to be done.）。程序正义视为“看得见的正义”，用最通俗的语言解释，就是案件不仅要判得正确、公平，并完全符合实体法的规定和精神，而且还应当使人感受到判决过程的公平性和合理性。换句话说，司法机构对一个案件的判决，即使非常公正、合理、合法，也还是不够的；要使裁判结论得到人们的普遍认可，裁判者必须确保判决过程符合公正、正义的要求。

Procedural justice is the idea of fairness in the processes that resolve disputes and allocate resources. One aspect of procedural justice is related to discussions of the administration of justice and legal proceedings. This sense of procedural justice is connected to due process (U.S.), fundamental justice (Canada), procedural fairness (Australia), and natural justice (other Common law jurisdictions), but the idea of procedural justice can also be applied to nonlegal contexts in which some process is employed to resolve conflict or divide benefits or burdens. Other aspects of procedural justice can also be found in social psychology and sociology issues and organizational psychology. 相关例句如下：

例句1

Procedural justice concerns the fairness and the transparency of the processes by which decisions are made, and may be contrasted with distributive justice (fairness in the distribution of rights or resources), and retributive justice (fairness in the punishment of wrongs). Hearing all parties before a decision is made is one step which would be considered appropriate to be taken in order that a process may then be characterised as procedurally fair.

程序公正涉及决策过程的公正性和透明度，可以与分配公正（权利或资源分配的公平性）和报复性公正（惩罚错误的公平性）相比较。在作出决定之前听取所有各方的意见是一个适当的步骤，这样一个过程就可以被称为程序上的公正。

例句2

Some theories of procedural justice hold that fair procedure leads to equitable outcomes, even if the requirements of distributive or restorative justice are not met. It has been suggested that this is the outcome of the higher quality interpersonal interactions often found in the procedural justice process, which has shown to be stronger in affecting the perception of fairness during conflict resolution.

一些程序公正理论认为，公平的程序带来公平的结果，即使分配公正或恢复性公正的要求没有得到满足。有人认为，这是程序公正过程中经常出现的高质量人际互动的结果，这种互动在冲突解决过程中对公平感的影响更大。

2.实体公正 substantial justice

所谓实体公正，是指国家司法人员在执法的过程中严格按照行政民事和刑事等实体法的规定处理各种类型的案件。实体公正的实现具有相对性和不确定性，体现个别正义。程序公正的实现是通过制定法律制度，规定实体公正的维护机关的工作程序，以程序公正最终促进实现实体公正。

Substantial justice means justice administered according to rules of substantive law in a fair manner. Here, the litigant’s substantive rights are protected from the procedural errors of litigation. Substantial justice ensures a fair trial on merits.

例句1

Looking at the unjust and false cases that have been found, many break the rules and regulations or blatantly go against legal procedures. I have talked about the priority of procedural justice on many occasions. Why do I repeat it again and again? Stressing the priority of procedural justice doesn’t mean that procedural justice is more important than substantial justice, but that its independent value requires higher attention.

从现在已发现的冤假错案看，多少都存在突破制度规定，或者公然违反法定程序的地方。我在多个场合都讲过程序公正优先的问题，为什么要反复讲呢？强调程序公正优先，不是说程序公正比实体公正更重要，而是说要高度重视程序公正的独立价值。

例句2

From the process of handling a case, procedural justice objectively precedes substantial justice. More importantly, as the kind of justice that can be seen to be done, procedural justice is of more profound and deeper significance for the protection of human dignity, open, transparent, democratic litigations as well as final and acceptable judgments.

从一个案件的处理过程看，客观上程序公正是先于实体公正而存在的，更为重要的是，程序公正作为一种“看得见的正义”，对于人格尊严的保障，诉讼的公开、透明、民主以及裁判的终局性和可接受性等方面，都具有更深层次的意义。