1、则指未达到一个通情达理的人在当时的情况下根据法律所应达到的注意标准。如其没有注意的法律义务,则其缺乏注意并不构成过失,不产生法律责任。
在英格兰法中,该词在侵权法上亦指一种独立的侵权行为,即指一个通情达理的人在特定情形下应当注意而没有注意从而对他人的人身或财产造成损害的一种侵权行为。这是因为英格兰法律在对侵权行为分类时,并不依照逻辑分为故意的侵权行为与过失的侵权行为,而是根据诉讼形式(forms of action)进行分类,故分为侵入土地(trespass)、侵占财物(conversion)、诽谤(slander)等,过失行为亦为其中之一。但苏格兰法并不承认其为诉讼形式。
2、在刑法中,Negligence即行为人在实施行为时由于欠缺应有的谨慎和注意而没有认识到行为的后果,但是按一般人的通常标准看,他是应该认识到这种危险的。它与蓄意(purpose或intention)、明知(knowledge)、轻率(recklessness)一起构成犯罪心态的四种情形。
常见法律术语:
l mutual negligence 相互过失;与有过失
l ordinary negligence 普通过失;一般过失
l passive negligence 消极过失
l passive negligence 原始过失
参考双语例句:
The contracting parties shall be mutually liable for any damage caused by them, regardless of the legal cause, only if (i) such damage is attributable to the material breach of duties jeopardizing the purpose of the Agreement, or breach of duties the fulfilment of which is a prerequisite for proper performance of the Agreement, and which is subject to a culpable act (i.e. at least negligent), or (ii) such damage has been caused by gross negligence or intent, or (iii) one of the contracting parties has assumed a guarantee.
合同双方应对其导致的任何损害互相承担责任而不论是否有法律事由,只有当:(i)该损害是由于实质性的违约造成,破坏了协议目的,或者该被违反的义务的履行是协议适当履行的前提,并且违约是出于故意(也就是说,至少是过失),或者(ii)该损害是由于重大过失或故意而造成,或者(iii)合同一方设定了担保。
Following this period of time we shall not be obliged to offer any refund or other goods if you subsequently claim that the goods delivered are not the goods you paid for or not in a good including any mandatory laws which do not permit the limitation of liability in case of wilful misconduct or gross negligence.
在此期间届满之后,即使阁下其后声称所运送货品并非阁下付款购买的货品或货品状态不佳等情况,我们亦毋须给予退款或其他退换货品,但在任何情况下都受阁下作爲消费者可享有的法定权力(包括任何有关不允许蓄意行爲失当或严重疏忽有限责任的强制性法律)的约束。
all demands, claims, actions, or judgments of a third party against any Seller Party, directly or indirectly, for any consequential, material, special, liquidated, punitive, or other damages, regardless of whether such demand, claim, action, or judgment is based on theories of contract, tort, negligence, strict liability, warranty, indemnity, contribution, statute, or otherwise, including without limitation, all demands, claims, actions, and judgments relating to injury and/or death of any and all persons and for loss of and/or damage to property arising from use, handling, repair, adjustment, operation, modification, or conversion of Products;
所有对卖方的要求、索赔、诉讼或第三方的判决,对任何结果、材料、特殊、清偿、惩罚或其他损害,直接或间接的,无论这种要求、索赔、诉讼或判决是否基于合约的原则、侵权行为、疏忽、限定的义务、保证、赔偿、贡献、法令或其他情况,包括但不限于所有的要求、索赔、诉讼和与伤害相关的判断和/或任何死亡和人身伤害,以及对在使用、处理、修理、调整、操作、修改或产品转换时引起的财产损失和/或损害;
来源:译问