“Rehabilitation”是一个多义词，《元照英美法词典》列举了四种不同的含义，即（1）(罪犯的)改造，再教育；（2）(对证人的信誉提出异议后)证人名誉的恢复；（3）恢复权利；（4）(以恢复伤残者、吸毒成瘾者等重新独立生活并得以从事职业为目的的)康复。下面通过一些例句看看“rehabilitation”是如何使用的。

 

1. 对罪犯的改造或再教育，即通过教育、培训、心理治疗等方式帮助罪犯在刑满释放后重回社会，作遵纪守法的良好公民。

例句：

原文：

Subject to subsections (2), (5) and (6) below, where an individual has been convicted, whether before or after the commencement of this Act, of any offence or offences, and the following conditions are satisfied, that is to say—

(a) he did not have imposed on him in respect of that conviction a sentence which is excluded from rehabilitation under this Act; and

(b) he has not had imposed on him in respect of a subsequent conviction during the rehabilitation period applicable to the first-mentioned conviction in accordance with section 6 below a sentence which is excluded from rehabilitation under this Act;

then, after the end of the rehabilitation period so applicable (including, where appropriate, any extension under section 6(4) below of the period originally applicable to the first-mentioned conviction) or, where that rehabilitation period ended before the commencement of this Act, after the commencement of this Act, that individual shall for the purposes of this Act be treated as a rehabilitated person in respect of the first-mentioned conviction and that conviction shall for those purposes be treated as spent.

（Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974, Section 1(1)）

译文：

根据下文第(2)款、第(5)款和第(6)款的规定，若在本法生效之前或生后因任何罪行或若干罪行被判有罪，且满足下列条件，也就是说——

(a) 其未因上述定罪而被判处本法项下不属于改造的刑罚；且

(b) 其未因在下文第6条规定的适用于第一次定罪的改造期内的后续定罪而被判处本法项下不属于改造的刑罚；

则，在所述适用的改造期（在适当情况下，包括下文第6(4)条对最初适用于第一次定罪的期限延长）结束之后，或者，如果改造期在本法生效之前已结束，在本法生效之后，就本法而言，该人应被视为已就第一次定罪接受改造之人，且所述定罪应被视为已失效。

 

2. 恢复证人名誉，适用于证据法。

例句：

原文：

Rehabilitation. A witness whose credibility has been attacked may be rehabilitated by:

(1) Permitting the witness to deny or explain impeaching facts, except that a witness who has been impeached by prior conviction may not deny guilt of the earlier crime;

(2) Except as provided by statute, evidence of the witness's prior statements that are consistent with the witness's present testimony, when their having been made detracts from the impeachment;

(3) Evidence through other witnesses of the impeached witness's character for truthfulness, as provided in Rule 5-608(a); or 

(4) Other evidence that the court finds relevant for the purpose of rehabilitation.

（Md. R. Evid. 5-616）

译文：

恢复证人名誉。证人的可信性遭到攻击可通过以下方式予以恢复：

(1) 允许证人对遭到质疑的事实进行否认或解释，但证人因犯罪前科遭到质疑的，不得否认；

(2) 除法规另有规定外，证人先前的陈述与当前的证词一致的证据，前提是该证据会减少质疑；

(3) 根据规则5-608(a)的规定，通过其他证人提供被质疑证人具有诚实品格的证据；或

(4) 法庭认为与恢复证人名誉相关的其他证据。

 

3. 恢复权利，即对债务人的财产状况进行整顿，以使得债务人可以继续作为一个经济实体而存在，债权人也可以从债务人的将来收益中使其债务得到清偿。

例句：

原文：

On request of a party in interest, and after notice and a hearing, the court may dismiss a case under this chapter for cause, including—

(1) unreasonable delay, or gross mismanagement, by the debtor that is prejudicial to creditors;

(2) nonpayment of any fees and charges required under chapter 123 of title 28;

(3) failure to file a plan timely under section 1221 of this title;

(4) failure to commence making timely payments required by a confirmed plan;

(5) denial of confirmation of a plan under section 1225 of this title and denial of a request made for additional time for filing another plan or a modification of a plan;

(6) material default by the debtor with respect to a term of a confirmed plan;

(7) revocation of the order of confirmation under section 1230 of this title, and denial of confirmation of a modified plan under section 1229 of this title;

(8) termination of a confirmed plan by reason of the occurrence of a condition specified in the plan;

(9) continuing loss to or diminution of the estate and absence of a reasonable likelihood of rehabilitation; and

(10) failure of the debtor to pay any domestic support obligation that first becomes payable after the date of the filing of the petition.

（U.S.C. §1208）

译文：

根据利益相关方的请求，在通知或听证会之后，法庭可以因下列正当理由驳回本章项下的案件：

(1) 债务人无理拖延或严重管理不善，损害债权人的利益；

(2) 未支付第28编第123章项下规定的任何费用和收费；

(3) 未根据本编第1221条规定及时提交提交计划；

(4) 未按照经确认的计划及时付款；

(5) 拒绝确认本编第1225条项下的计划，并拒绝为提交另一份计划而延长时间的请求或拒绝修改计划；

(6) 债务人对经确认计划存在重大违约行为；

(7) 根据本编第1230条规定撤销确认令，并拒绝确认本编第1229条项下经修订的计划；

(8) 因发生计划中指定的情况而终止经确认的计划；

(9) 财产持续减少，且不存在恢复权利的合理可性能；以及

(10) 债务人未支付在申请提交之日后首次应付的任何抚养费/扶养费/赡养费。

 

4. 康复。

例句：

原文：

The purposes of this chapter are-

(1) to empower individuals with disabilities to maximize employment, economic self-sufficiency, independence, and inclusion and integration into society, through-

...

(2) to maximize opportunities for individuals with disabilities, including individuals with significant disabilities, for competitive integrated employment;

(3) to ensure that the Federal Government plays a leadership role in promoting the employment of individuals with disabilities, especially individuals with significant disabilities, and in assisting States and providers of services in fulfilling the aspirations of such individuals with disabilities for meaningful and gainful employment and independent living;

(4) to increase employment opportunities and employment outcomes for individuals with disabilities, including through encouraging meaningful input by employers and vocational rehabilitation service providers on successful and prospective employment and placement strategies; and

(5) to ensure, to the greatest extent possible, that youth with disabilities and students with disabilities who are transitioning from receipt of special education services under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (20 U.S.C. 1400 et seq.) and receipt of services under section 794 of this title have opportunities for postsecondary success.

（29 USC 701）

译文：

本章目的为：

(1)通过措施赋予残疾人最大程度的就业、经济自给自足、独立、包容和融入社会的能力；

(2) 最大限度地为残疾人（包括重度残疾人）提供竞争性综合就业机会；

(3) 确保联邦政府在促进残疾人（特别是重度残疾人）就业方面发挥领导作用，并协助各州和服务提供者满足该等残疾人对有意义的有偿就业及独立生活的愿望；

(4) 增加残疾人就业机会和结果，包括采用鼓励雇主和职业康复服务提供者就成功和未来的就业和安置策略提供有意义的投入等方式；以及

(5) 尽最大可能确保残疾青少年和参加学生（正从接受《残疾人教育法》（20 U.S.C. 1400及以下）项下的特殊教育服务和接受本编第794条项下服务转变）有机会接受中学后教育。

 

根据上述示例可以看出，“rehabilitation”在不同情境下所表示的含义是不同的，因此，在确定“rehabilitation”含义需要先判断涉及的领域。

 

来源：译问

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